STDERR:
' + str(addition) + '' -Template.sipb_xen_database = sipb_xen_database +Template.database = database +Template.config = config Template.helppopup = staticmethod(helppopup) Template.err = None @@ -105,6 +114,7 @@ class Defaults: cdrom = '' autoinstall = '' name = '' + description = '' type = 'linux-hvm' def __init__(self, max_memory=None, max_disk=None, **kws): @@ -119,15 +129,9 @@ class Defaults: DEFAULT_HEADERS = {'Content-Type': 'text/html'} -def error(op, user, fields, err, emsg): - """Print an error page when a CodeError occurs""" - d = dict(op=op, user=user, errorMessage=str(err), - stderr=emsg) - return templates.error(searchList=[d]) - -def invalidInput(op, user, fields, err, emsg): +def invalidInput(op, username, fields, err, emsg): """Print an error page when an InvalidInput exception occurs""" - d = dict(op=op, user=user, err_field=err.err_field, + d = dict(op=op, user=username, err_field=err.err_field, err_value=str(err.err_value), stderr=emsg, errorMessage=str(err)) return templates.invalid(searchList=[d]) @@ -142,49 +146,25 @@ def hasVnc(status): return 'location' in d return False -def parseCreate(user, fields): - name = fields.getfirst('name') - if not validation.validMachineName(name): - raise InvalidInput('name', name, 'You must provide a machine name. Max 22 chars, alnum plus \'-\' and \'_\'.') - name = name.lower() - - if Machine.get_by(name=name): - raise InvalidInput('name', name, - "Name already exists.") - - owner = validation.testOwner(user, fields.getfirst('owner')) - - memory = fields.getfirst('memory') - memory = validation.validMemory(owner, memory, on=True) - - disk_size = fields.getfirst('disk') - disk_size = validation.validDisk(owner, disk_size) - - vm_type = fields.getfirst('vmtype') - vm_type = validation.validVmType(vm_type) +def parseCreate(username, state, fields): + kws = dict([(kw, fields.getfirst(kw)) for kw in 'name description owner memory disksize vmtype cdrom autoinstall'.split()]) + validate = validation.Validate(username, state, strict=True, **kws) + return dict(contact=username, name=validate.name, description=validate.description, memory=validate.memory, + disksize=validate.disksize, owner=validate.owner, machine_type=validate.vmtype, + cdrom=getattr(validate, 'cdrom', None), + autoinstall=getattr(validate, 'autoinstall', None)) - cdrom = fields.getfirst('cdrom') - if cdrom is not None and not CDROM.get(cdrom): - raise CodeError("Invalid cdrom type '%s'" % cdrom) - - clone_from = fields.getfirst('clone_from') - if clone_from and clone_from != 'ice3': - raise CodeError("Invalid clone image '%s'" % clone_from) - - return dict(contact=user, name=name, memory=memory, disk_size=disk_size, - owner=owner, machine_type=vm_type, cdrom=cdrom, clone_from=clone_from) - -def create(user, fields): +def create(username, state, path, fields): """Handler for create requests.""" try: - parsed_fields = parseCreate(user, fields) - machine = controls.createVm(**parsed_fields) + parsed_fields = parseCreate(username, state, fields) + machine = controls.createVm(username, state, **parsed_fields) except InvalidInput, err: pass else: err = None - g.clear() #Changed global state - d = getListDict(user) + state.clear() #Changed global state + d = getListDict(username, state) d['err'] = err if err: for field in fields.keys(): @@ -194,16 +174,16 @@ def create(user, fields): return templates.list(searchList=[d]) -def getListDict(user): +def getListDict(username, state): """Gets the list of local variables used by list.tmpl.""" checkpoint.checkpoint('Starting') - machines = g.machines + machines = state.machines checkpoint.checkpoint('Got my machines') on = {} has_vnc = {} - xmlist = g.xmlist + xmlist = state.xmlist checkpoint.checkpoint('Got uptimes') - can_clone = (controls.getList([Machine.get_by(name='ice3')])) == {} + can_clone = 'ice3' not in state.xmlist_raw for m in machines: if m not in xmlist: has_vnc[m] = 'Off' @@ -216,19 +196,18 @@ def getListDict(user): has_vnc[m] = "WTF?" else: has_vnc[m] = "ParaVM"+helppopup("ParaVM Console") - max_memory = validation.maxMemory(user) - max_disk = validation.maxDisk(user) + max_memory = validation.maxMemory(username, state) + max_disk = validation.maxDisk(username) checkpoint.checkpoint('Got max mem/disk') defaults = Defaults(max_memory=max_memory, max_disk=max_disk, - owner=user, - cdrom='gutsy-i386') + owner=username) checkpoint.checkpoint('Got defaults') def sortkey(machine): - return (machine.owner != user, machine.owner, machine.name) + return (machine.owner != username, machine.owner, machine.name) machines = sorted(machines, key=sortkey) - d = dict(user=user, - cant_add_vm=validation.cantAddVm(user), + d = dict(user=username, + cant_add_vm=validation.cantAddVm(username, state), max_memory=max_memory, max_disk=max_disk, defaults=defaults, @@ -237,14 +216,14 @@ def getListDict(user): can_clone=can_clone) return d -def listVms(user, fields): +def listVms(username, state, path, fields): """Handler for list requests.""" checkpoint.checkpoint('Getting list dict') - d = getListDict(user) + d = getListDict(username, state) checkpoint.checkpoint('Got list dict') return templates.list(searchList=[d]) -def vnc(user, fields): +def vnc(username, state, path, fields): """VNC applet page. Note that due to same-domain restrictions, the applet connects to @@ -264,29 +243,24 @@ def vnc(user, fields): Remember to enable iptables! echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward """ - machine = validation.testMachineId(user, fields.getfirst('machine_id')) + machine = validation.Validate(username, state, machine_id=fields.getfirst('machine_id')).machine - TOKEN_KEY = "0M6W0U1IXexThi5idy8mnkqPKEq1LtEnlK/pZSn0cDrN" - - data = {} - data["user"] = user - data["machine"] = machine.name - data["expires"] = time.time()+(5*60) - pickled_data = cPickle.dumps(data) - m = hmac.new(TOKEN_KEY, digestmod=sha) - m.update(pickled_data) - token = {'data': pickled_data, 'digest': m.digest()} - token = cPickle.dumps(token) - token = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(token) + token = controls.vnctoken(machine) + host = controls.listHost(machine) + if host: + port = 10003 + [h.hostname for h in config.hosts].index(host) + else: + port = 5900 # dummy status = controls.statusInfo(machine) has_vnc = hasVnc(status) - d = dict(user=user, + d = dict(user=username, on=status, has_vnc=has_vnc, machine=machine, - hostname=os.environ.get('SERVER_NAME', 'localhost'), + hostname=state.environ.get('SERVER_NAME', 'localhost'), + port=port, authtoken=token) return templates.vnc(searchList=[d]) @@ -298,7 +272,7 @@ def getHostname(nic): if nic.hostname and '.' in nic.hostname: return nic.hostname elif nic.machine: - return nic.machine.name + '.xvm.mit.edu' + return nic.machine.name + '.' + config.dns.domains[0] else: return None @@ -341,110 +315,103 @@ def getDiskInfo(data_dict, machine): data_dict['%s_size' % name] = "%0.1f GiB" % (disk.size / 1024.) return disk_fields -def command(user, fields): +def command(username, state, path, fields): """Handler for running commands like boot and delete on a VM.""" back = fields.getfirst('back') try: - d = controls.commandResult(user, fields) + d = controls.commandResult(username, state, fields) if d['command'] == 'Delete VM': back = 'list' except InvalidInput, err: if not back: raise - #print >> sys.stderr, err + print >> sys.stderr, err result = err else: result = 'Success!' if not back: return templates.command(searchList=[d]) if back == 'list': - g.clear() #Changed global state - d = getListDict(user) + state.clear() #Changed global state + d = getListDict(username, state) d['result'] = result return templates.list(searchList=[d]) elif back == 'info': - machine = validation.testMachineId(user, fields.getfirst('machine_id')) - return ({'Status': '302', - 'Location': '/info?machine_id=%d' % machine.machine_id}, + machine = validation.Validate(username, state, machine_id=fields.getfirst('machine_id')).machine + return ({'Status': '303 See Other', + 'Location': 'info?machine_id=%d' % machine.machine_id}, "You shouldn't see this message.") else: raise InvalidInput('back', back, 'Not a known back page.') -def modifyDict(user, fields): +def modifyDict(username, state, fields): """Modify a machine as specified by CGI arguments. Return a list of local variables for modify.tmpl. """ olddisk = {} - transaction = ctx.current.create_transaction() + session.begin() try: - machine = validation.testMachineId(user, fields.getfirst('machine_id')) - owner = validation.testOwner(user, fields.getfirst('owner'), machine) - admin = validation.testAdmin(user, fields.getfirst('administrator'), - machine) - contact = validation.testContact(user, fields.getfirst('contact'), - machine) - name = validation.testName(user, fields.getfirst('name'), machine) + kws = dict([(kw, fields.getfirst(kw)) for kw in 'machine_id owner admin contact name description memory vmtype disksize'.split()]) + validate = validation.Validate(username, state, **kws) + machine = validate.machine oldname = machine.name - command = "modify" - memory = fields.getfirst('memory') - if memory is not None: - memory = validation.validMemory(user, memory, machine, on=False) - machine.memory = memory + if hasattr(validate, 'memory'): + machine.memory = validate.memory - vm_type = validation.validVmType(fields.getfirst('vmtype')) - if vm_type is not None: - machine.type = vm_type + if hasattr(validate, 'vmtype'): + machine.type = validate.vmtype - disksize = validation.testDisk(user, fields.getfirst('disk')) - if disksize is not None: - disksize = validation.validDisk(user, disksize, machine) + if hasattr(validate, 'disksize'): + disksize = validate.disksize disk = machine.disks[0] if disk.size != disksize: olddisk[disk.guest_device_name] = disksize disk.size = disksize - ctx.current.save(disk) + session.save_or_update(disk) update_acl = False - if owner is not None and owner != machine.owner: - machine.owner = owner + if hasattr(validate, 'owner') and validate.owner != machine.owner: + machine.owner = validate.owner update_acl = True - if name is not None: - machine.name = name - if admin is not None and admin != machine.administrator: - machine.administrator = admin + if hasattr(validate, 'name'): + machine.name = validate.name + if hasattr(validate, 'description'): + machine.description = validate.description + if hasattr(validate, 'admin') and validate.admin != machine.administrator: + machine.administrator = validate.admin update_acl = True - if contact is not None: - machine.contact = contact + if hasattr(validate, 'contact'): + machine.contact = validate.contact - ctx.current.save(machine) + session.save_or_update(machine) if update_acl: cache_acls.refreshMachine(machine) - transaction.commit() + session.commit() except: - transaction.rollback() + session.rollback() raise for diskname in olddisk: controls.resizeDisk(oldname, diskname, str(olddisk[diskname])) - if name is not None: - controls.renameMachine(machine, oldname, name) - return dict(user=user, - command=command, + if hasattr(validate, 'name'): + controls.renameMachine(machine, oldname, validate.name) + return dict(user=username, + command="modify", machine=machine) -def modify(user, fields): +def modify(username, state, path, fields): """Handler for modifying attributes of a machine.""" try: - modify_dict = modifyDict(user, fields) + modify_dict = modifyDict(username, state, fields) except InvalidInput, err: result = None - machine = validation.testMachineId(user, fields.getfirst('machine_id')) + machine = validation.Validate(username, state, machine_id=fields.getfirst('machine_id')).machine else: machine = modify_dict['machine'] result = 'Success!' err = None - info_dict = infoDict(user, machine) + info_dict = infoDict(username, state, machine) info_dict['err'] = err if err: for field in fields.keys(): @@ -453,20 +420,44 @@ def modify(user, fields): return templates.info(searchList=[info_dict]) -def helpHandler(user, fields): +def helpHandler(username, state, path, fields): """Handler for help messages.""" simple = fields.getfirst('simple') subjects = fields.getlist('subject') - help_mapping = {'ParaVM Console': """ + help_mapping = { + 'Autoinstalls': """ +The autoinstaller builds a minimal Debian or Ubuntu system to run as a +ParaVM. You can access the resulting system by logging into the serial console server +with your Kerberos tickets; there is no root password so sshd will +refuse login. + +
Under the covers, the autoinstaller uses our own patched version of +xen-create-image, which is a tool based on debootstrap. If you log +into the serial console while the install is running, you can watch +it. +""", + 'ParaVM Console': """ ParaVM machines do not support local console access over VNC. To access the serial console of these machines, you can SSH with Kerberos -to console.xvm.mit.edu, using the name of the machine as your -username.""", +to %s, using the name of the machine as your +username.""" % config.console.hostname, 'HVM/ParaVM': """ HVM machines use the virtualization features of the processor, while -ParaVM machines use Xen's emulation of virtualization features. You -want an HVM virtualized machine.""", +ParaVM machines rely on a modified kernel to communicate directly with +the hypervisor. HVMs support boot CDs of any operating system, and +the VNC console applet. The three-minute autoinstaller produces +ParaVMs. ParaVMs typically are more efficient, and always support the +console server.
+ +More details are on the +wiki, including steps to prepare an HVM guest to boot as a ParaVM +(which you can skip by using the autoinstaller to begin with.)
+ +We recommend using a ParaVM when possible and an HVM when necessary.
+""",
'CPU Weight': """
Don't ask us! We're as mystified as you are.""",
'Owner': """
@@ -490,13 +481,17 @@ active machines.""",
setting fb=false to disable the framebuffer. If you don't,
your machine will run just fine, but the applet's display of the
console will suffer artifacts.
+""",
+ 'Windows': """
+Windows Vista: The Vista image is licensed for all MIT students and will automatically activate off the network; see the licensing confirmation e-mail for details. The installer req uires 512 MB RAM and at least 7.5 GB disk space (15 GB or more recommended).
+Windows XP: This is the volume license CD image. You will need your own volume license key to complete the install. We do not have these available for the general MIT community; ask your department if they have one.
"""
}
if not subjects:
subjects = sorted(help_mapping.keys())
- d = dict(user=user,
+ d = dict(user=username,
simple=simple,
subjects=subjects,
mapping=help_mapping)
@@ -504,11 +499,11 @@ console will suffer artifacts.
return templates.help(searchList=[d])
-def badOperation(u, e):
+def badOperation(u, s, p, e):
"""Function called when accessing an unknown URI."""
- raise CodeError("Unknown operation")
+ return ({'Status': '404 Not Found'}, 'Invalid operation.')
-def infoDict(user, machine):
+def infoDict(username, state, machine):
"""Get the variables used by info.tmpl."""
status = controls.statusInfo(machine)
checkpoint.checkpoint('Getting status info')
@@ -520,6 +515,7 @@ def infoDict(user, machine):
cputime = None
else:
main_status = dict(status[1:])
+ main_status['host'] = controls.listHost(machine)
start_time = float(main_status.get('start_time', 0))
uptime = datetime.timedelta(seconds=int(time.time()-start_time))
cpu_time_float = float(main_status.get('cpu_time', 0))
@@ -528,6 +524,7 @@ def infoDict(user, machine):
display_fields = """name uptime memory state cpu_weight on_reboot
on_poweroff on_crash on_xend_start on_xend_stop bootloader""".split()
display_fields = [('name', 'Name'),
+ ('description', 'Description'),
('owner', 'Owner'),
('administrator', 'Administrator'),
('contact', 'Contact'),
@@ -535,6 +532,7 @@ def infoDict(user, machine):
'NIC_INFO',
('uptime', 'uptime'),
('cputime', 'CPU usage'),
+ ('host', 'Hosted on'),
('memory', 'RAM'),
'DISK_INFO',
('state', 'state (xen format)'),
@@ -549,6 +547,7 @@ def infoDict(user, machine):
fields = []
machine_info = {}
machine_info['name'] = machine.name
+ machine_info['description'] = machine.description
machine_info['type'] = machine.type.hvm and 'HVM' or 'ParaVM'
machine_info['owner'] = machine.owner
machine_info['administrator'] = machine.administrator
@@ -579,16 +578,16 @@ def infoDict(user, machine):
checkpoint.checkpoint('Got fields')
- max_mem = validation.maxMemory(user, machine, False)
+ max_mem = validation.maxMemory(machine.owner, state, machine, False)
checkpoint.checkpoint('Got mem')
- max_disk = validation.maxDisk(user, machine)
+ max_disk = validation.maxDisk(machine.owner, machine)
defaults = Defaults()
- for name in 'machine_id name administrator owner memory contact'.split():
+ for name in 'machine_id name description administrator owner memory contact'.split():
setattr(defaults, name, getattr(machine, name))
defaults.type = machine.type.type_id
defaults.disk = "%0.2f" % (machine.disks[0].size/1024.)
checkpoint.checkpoint('Got defaults')
- d = dict(user=user,
+ d = dict(user=username,
on=status is not None,
machine=machine,
defaults=defaults,
@@ -601,17 +600,33 @@ def infoDict(user, machine):
fields = fields)
return d
-def info(user, fields):
+def info(username, state, path, fields):
"""Handler for info on a single VM."""
- machine = validation.testMachineId(user, fields.getfirst('machine_id'))
- d = infoDict(user, machine)
+ machine = validation.Validate(username, state, machine_id=fields.getfirst('machine_id')).machine
+ d = infoDict(username, state, machine)
checkpoint.checkpoint('Got infodict')
return templates.info(searchList=[d])
-def unauthFront(_, fields):
+def unauthFront(_, _2, _3, fields):
"""Information for unauth'd users."""
return templates.unauth(searchList=[{'simple' : True}])
+def admin(username, state, path, fields):
+ if path == '':
+ return ({'Status': '303 See Other',
+ 'Location': 'admin/'},
+ "You shouldn't see this message.")
+ if not username in getAfsGroupMembers(config.web.adminacl, 'athena.mit.edu'):
+ raise InvalidInput('username', username,
+ 'Not in admin group %s.' % config.web.adminacl)
+ newstate = State(username, isadmin=True)
+ newstate.environ = state.environ
+ return handler(username, newstate, path, fields)
+
+def throwError(_, __, ___, ____):
+ """Throw an error, to test the error-tracing mechanisms."""
+ raise RuntimeError("test of the emergency broadcast system")
+
mapping = dict(list=listVms,
vnc=vnc,
command=command,
@@ -619,7 +634,10 @@ mapping = dict(list=listVms,
info=info,
create=create,
help=helpHandler,
- unauth=unauthFront)
+ unauth=unauthFront,
+ admin=admin,
+ overlord=admin,
+ errortest=throwError)
def printHeaders(headers):
"""Print a dictionary as HTTP headers."""
@@ -627,86 +645,129 @@ def printHeaders(headers):
print '%s: %s' % (key, value)
print
+def send_error_mail(subject, body):
+ import subprocess
+
+ to = config.web.errormail
+ mail = """To: %s
+From: root@%s
+Subject: %s
+
+%s
+""" % (to, config.web.hostname, subject, body)
+ p = subprocess.Popen(['/usr/sbin/sendmail', '-f', to, to],
+ stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+ p.stdin.write(mail)
+ p.stdin.close()
+ p.wait()
+
+def show_error(op, username, fields, err, emsg, traceback):
+ """Print an error page when an exception occurs"""
+ d = dict(op=op, user=username, fields=fields,
+ errorMessage=str(err), stderr=emsg, traceback=traceback)
+ details = templates.error_raw(searchList=[d])
+ exclude = config.web.errormail_exclude
+ if username not in exclude and '*' not in exclude:
+ send_error_mail('xvm error on %s for %s: %s' % (op, username, err),
+ details)
+ d['details'] = details
+ return templates.error(searchList=[d])
-def getUser():
+def getUser(environ):
"""Return the current user based on the SSL environment variables"""
- email = os.environ.get('SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_Email', None)
- if email is None:
- return None
- return email.split("@")[0]
+ user = environ.get('REMOTE_USER')
+ if user is None:
+ return
+
+ if environ.get('AUTH_TYPE') == 'Negotiate':
+ # Convert the krb5 principal into a krb4 username
+ if not user.endswith('@%s' % config.kerberos.realm):
+ return
+ else:
+ return user.split('@')[0].replace('/', '.')
+ else:
+ return user
-def main(operation, user, fields):
- start_time = time.time()
+def handler(username, state, path, fields):
+ operation, path = pathSplit(path)
+ if not operation:
+ operation = 'list'
+ print 'Starting', operation
fun = mapping.get(operation, badOperation)
-
- if fun not in (helpHandler, ):
- connect('postgres://sipb-xen@sipb-xen-dev.mit.edu/sipb_xen')
- try:
- checkpoint.checkpoint('Before')
- output = fun(u, fields)
- checkpoint.checkpoint('After')
-
- headers = dict(DEFAULT_HEADERS)
- if isinstance(output, tuple):
- new_headers, output = output
- headers.update(new_headers)
- e = revertStandardError()
- if e:
- output.addError(e)
- printHeaders(headers)
- output_string = str(output)
- checkpoint.checkpoint('output as a string')
- print output_string
+ return fun(username, state, path, fields)
+
+class App:
+ def __init__(self, environ, start_response):
+ self.environ = environ
+ self.start = start_response
+
+ self.username = getUser(environ)
+ self.state = State(self.username)
+ self.state.environ = environ
+
+ random.seed() #sigh
+
+ def __iter__(self):
+ start_time = time.time()
+ database.clear_cache()
+ sys.stderr = StringIO()
+ fields = cgi.FieldStorage(fp=self.environ['wsgi.input'], environ=self.environ)
+ operation = self.environ.get('PATH_INFO', '')
+ if not operation:
+ self.start("301 Moved Permanently", [('Location', './')])
+ return
+ if self.username is None:
+ operation = 'unauth'
+
+ try:
+ checkpoint.checkpoint('Before')
+ output = handler(self.username, self.state, operation, fields)
+ checkpoint.checkpoint('After')
+
+ headers = dict(DEFAULT_HEADERS)
+ if isinstance(output, tuple):
+ new_headers, output = output
+ headers.update(new_headers)
+ e = revertStandardError()
+ if e:
+ if hasattr(output, 'addError'):
+ output.addError(e)
+ else:
+ # This only happens on redirects, so it'd be a pain to get
+ # the message to the user. Maybe in the response is useful.
+ output = output + '\n\nstderr:\n' + e
+ output_string = str(output)
+ checkpoint.checkpoint('output as a string')
+ except Exception, err:
+ if not fields.has_key('js'):
+ if isinstance(err, InvalidInput):
+ self.start('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
+ e = revertStandardError()
+ yield str(invalidInput(operation, self.username, fields,
+ err, e))
+ return
+ import traceback
+ self.start('500 Internal Server Error',
+ [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
+ e = revertStandardError()
+ s = show_error(operation, self.username, fields,
+ err, e, traceback.format_exc())
+ yield str(s)
+ return
+ status = headers.setdefault('Status', '200 OK')
+ del headers['Status']
+ self.start(status, headers.items())
+ yield output_string
if fields.has_key('timedebug'):
- print '
%s' % checkpoint - except Exception, err: - if not fields.has_key('js'): - if isinstance(err, CodeError): - print 'Content-Type: text/html\n' - e = revertStandardError() - print error(operation, u, fields, err, e) - sys.exit(1) - if isinstance(err, InvalidInput): - print 'Content-Type: text/html\n' - e = revertStandardError() - print invalidInput(operation, u, fields, err, e) - sys.exit(1) - print 'Content-Type: text/plain\n' - print 'Uh-oh! We experienced an error.' - print 'Please email xvm-dev@mit.edu with the contents of this page.' - print '----' - e = revertStandardError() - print e - print '----' - raise + yield '
%s' % cgi.escape(str(checkpoint)) -if __name__ == '__main__': - fields = cgi.FieldStorage() - - if fields.has_key('sqldebug'): - import logging - logging.basicConfig() - logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy.engine').setLevel(logging.INFO) - logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy.orm.unitofwork').setLevel(logging.INFO) +def constructor(): + connect() + return App - u = getUser() - g.user = u - operation = os.environ.get('PATH_INFO', '') - if not operation: - print "Status: 301 Moved Permanently" - print 'Location: ' + os.environ['SCRIPT_NAME']+'/\n' - sys.exit(0) +def main(): + from flup.server.fcgi_fork import WSGIServer + WSGIServer(constructor()).run() - if u is None: - operation = 'unauth' - - if operation.startswith('/'): - operation = operation[1:] - if not operation: - operation = 'list' - - if os.getenv("SIPB_XEN_PROFILE"): - import profile - profile.run('main(operation, u, fields)', 'log-'+operation) - else: - main(operation, u, fields) +if __name__ == '__main__': + main()