STDERR:
' + str(addition) + '' + +Template.helppopup = staticmethod(helppopup) +Template.err = None + +class JsonDict: + """Class to store a dictionary that will be converted to JSON""" + def __init__(self, **kws): + self.data = kws + if 'err' in kws: + err = kws['err'] + del kws['err'] + self.addError(err) + + def __str__(self): + return simplejson.dumps(self.data) + + def addError(self, text): + """Add stderr text to be displayed on the website.""" + self.data['err'] = \ + makeErrorPre(self.data.get('err'), text) + +class Defaults: + """Class to store default values for fields.""" + memory = 256 + disk = 4.0 + cdrom = '' + name = '' + vmtype = 'hvm' + def __init__(self, max_memory=None, max_disk=None, **kws): + if max_memory is not None: + self.memory = min(self.memory, max_memory) + if max_disk is not None: + self.max_disk = min(self.disk, max_disk) + for key in kws: + setattr(self, key, kws[key]) + + + +DEFAULT_HEADERS = {'Content-Type': 'text/html'} + +def error(op, user, fields, err, emsg): + """Print an error page when a CodeError occurs""" + d = dict(op=op, user=user, errorMessage=str(err), + stderr=emsg) + return Template(file='error.tmpl', searchList=[d]) - Gets and parses xm list --long - """ - value_string, err_string = remctl('list-long', machine.name, err=True) - if 'Unknown command' in err_string: - raise CodeError("ERROR in remctl list-long %s is not registered" % (machine.name,)) - elif 'does not exist' in err_string: - return None - elif err_string: - raise CodeError("ERROR in remctl list-long %s: %s" % (machine.name, err_string)) - status = parseStatus(value_string) - return status +def invalidInput(op, user, fields, err, emsg): + """Print an error page when an InvalidInput exception occurs""" + d = dict(op=op, user=user, err_field=err.err_field, + err_value=str(err.err_value), stderr=emsg, + errorMessage=str(err)) + return Template(file='invalid.tmpl', searchList=[d]) def hasVnc(status): """Does the machine with a given status list support VNC?""" @@ -259,93 +117,23 @@ def hasVnc(status): return 'location' in d return False -def createVm(user, name, memory, disk, is_hvm, cdrom): - """Create a VM and put it in the database""" - # put stuff in the table - transaction = ctx.current.create_transaction() - try: - if memory > maxMemory(user): - raise InvalidInput("Too much memory requested") - if disk > maxDisk(user) * 1024: - raise InvalidInput("Too much disk requested") - if not canAddVm(user): - raise InvalidInput("Too many VMs requested") - res = meta.engine.execute('select nextval(\'"machines_machine_id_seq"\')') - id = res.fetchone()[0] - machine = Machine() - machine.machine_id = id - machine.name = name - machine.memory = memory - machine.owner = user.username - machine.contact = user.email - machine.uuid = uuidToString(randomUUID()) - machine.boot_off_cd = True - machine_type = Type.get_by(hvm=is_hvm) - machine.type_id = machine_type.type_id - ctx.current.save(machine) - disk = Disk(machine.machine_id, - 'hda', disk) - open = NIC.select_by(machine_id=None) - if not open: #No IPs left! - raise CodeError("No IP addresses left! Contact sipb-xen-dev@mit.edu") - nic = open[0] - nic.machine_id = machine.machine_id - nic.hostname = name - ctx.current.save(nic) - ctx.current.save(disk) - transaction.commit() - except: - transaction.rollback() - raise - registerMachine(machine) - makeDisks(machine) - # tell it to boot with cdrom - bootMachine(machine, cdrom) - - return machine - -def validMemory(user, memory, machine=None): - """Parse and validate limits for memory for a given user and machine.""" - try: - memory = int(memory) - if memory < MIN_MEMORY_SINGLE: - raise ValueError - except ValueError: - raise InvalidInput("Invalid memory amount; must be at least %s MB" % - MIN_MEMORY_SINGLE) - if memory > maxMemory(user, machine): - raise InvalidInput("Too much memory requested") - return memory - -def validDisk(user, disk, machine=None): - """Parse and validate limits for disk for a given user and machine.""" - try: - disk = float(disk) - if disk > maxDisk(user, machine): - raise InvalidInput("Too much disk requested") - disk = int(disk * 1024) - if disk < MIN_DISK_SINGLE * 1024: - raise ValueError - except ValueError: - raise InvalidInput("Invalid disk amount; minimum is %s GB" % - MIN_DISK_SINGLE) - return disk - -def create(user, fields): - """Handler for create requests.""" +def parseCreate(user, fields): name = fields.getfirst('name') - if not validMachineName(name): - raise InvalidInput("Invalid name '%s'" % name) - name = user.username + '_' + name.lower() + if not validation.validMachineName(name): + raise InvalidInput('name', name, 'You must provide a machine name.') + name = name.lower() if Machine.get_by(name=name): - raise InvalidInput("A machine named '%s' already exists" % name) + raise InvalidInput('name', name, + "Name already exists.") + owner = validation.testOwner(user, fields.getfirst('owner')) + memory = fields.getfirst('memory') - memory = validMemory(user, memory) + memory = validation.validMemory(user, memory, on=True) disk = fields.getfirst('disk') - disk = validDisk(user, disk) + disk = validation.validDisk(user, disk) vm_type = fields.getfirst('vmtype') if vm_type not in ('hvm', 'paravm'): @@ -354,63 +142,66 @@ def create(user, fields): cdrom = fields.getfirst('cdrom') if cdrom is not None and not CDROM.get(cdrom): - raise CodeError("Invalid cdrom type '%s'" % cdrom) - - machine = createVm(user, name, memory, disk, is_hvm, cdrom) - d = dict(user=user, - machine=machine) - print Template(file='create.tmpl', - searchList=[d, global_dict]); + raise CodeError("Invalid cdrom type '%s'" % cdrom) + return dict(contact=user, name=name, memory=memory, disk=disk, + owner=owner, is_hvm=is_hvm, cdrom=cdrom) -def listVms(user, fields): - """Handler for list requests.""" - machines = [m for m in Machine.select() if haveAccess(user, m)] +def create(user, fields): + """Handler for create requests.""" + try: + parsed_fields = parseCreate(user, fields) + machine = controls.createVm(**parsed_fields) + except InvalidInput, err: + pass + else: + err = None + g.clear() #Changed global state + d = getListDict(user) + d['err'] = err + if err: + for field in fields.keys(): + setattr(d['defaults'], field, fields.getfirst(field)) + else: + d['new_machine'] = parsed_fields['name'] + return Template(file='list.tmpl', searchList=[d]) + + +def getListDict(user): + machines = [m for m in Machine.select() + if validation.haveAccess(user, m)] on = {} has_vnc = {} on = g.uptimes for m in machines: + m.uptime = g.uptimes.get(m) if not on[m]: has_vnc[m] = 'Off' elif m.type.hvm: has_vnc[m] = True else: has_vnc[m] = "ParaVM"+helppopup("paravm_console") - # for m in machines: - # status = statusInfo(m) - # on[m.name] = status is not None - # has_vnc[m.name] = hasVnc(status) - max_mem=maxMemory(user) - max_disk=maxDisk(user) + max_memory = validation.maxMemory(user) + max_disk = validation.maxDisk(user) + defaults = Defaults(max_memory=max_memory, + max_disk=max_disk, + owner=user, + cdrom='gutsy-i386') d = dict(user=user, - can_add_vm=canAddVm(user), - max_mem=max_mem, + cant_add_vm=validation.cantAddVm(user), + max_memory=max_memory, max_disk=max_disk, - default_mem=max_mem, - default_disk=min(4.0, max_disk), + defaults=defaults, machines=machines, has_vnc=has_vnc, - uptimes=uptimes, + uptimes=g.uptimes, cdroms=CDROM.select()) - print Template(file='list.tmpl', searchList=[d, global_dict]) - -def testMachineId(user, machineId, exists=True): - """Parse, validate and check authorization for a given machineId. - - If exists is False, don't check that it exists. - """ - if machineId is None: - raise CodeError("No machine ID specified") - try: - machineId = int(machineId) - except ValueError: - raise CodeError("Invalid machine ID '%s'" % machineId) - machine = Machine.get(machineId) - if exists and machine is None: - raise CodeError("No such machine ID '%s'" % machineId) - if machine is not None and not haveAccess(user, machine): - raise CodeError("No access to machine ID '%s'" % machineId) - return machine + return d +def listVms(user, fields): + """Handler for list requests.""" + d = getListDict(user) + return Template(file='list.tmpl', searchList=[d]) + def vnc(user, fields): """VNC applet page. @@ -421,29 +212,32 @@ def vnc(user, fields): You might want iptables like: - -t nat -A PREROUTING -s ! 18.181.0.60 -i eth1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 10003 -j DNAT --to-destination 18.181.0.60:10003 - -t nat -A POSTROUTING -d 18.181.0.60 -o eth1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 10003 -j SNAT --to-source 18.187.7.142 - -A FORWARD -d 18.181.0.60 -i eth1 -o eth1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 10003 -j ACCEPT + -t nat -A PREROUTING -s ! 18.181.0.60 -i eth1 -p tcp -m tcp \ + --dport 10003 -j DNAT --to-destination 18.181.0.60:10003 + -t nat -A POSTROUTING -d 18.181.0.60 -o eth1 -p tcp -m tcp \ + --dport 10003 -j SNAT --to-source 18.187.7.142 + -A FORWARD -d 18.181.0.60 -i eth1 -o eth1 -p tcp -m tcp \ + --dport 10003 -j ACCEPT Remember to enable iptables! echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward """ - machine = testMachineId(user, fields.getfirst('machine_id')) + machine = validation.testMachineId(user, fields.getfirst('machine_id')) TOKEN_KEY = "0M6W0U1IXexThi5idy8mnkqPKEq1LtEnlK/pZSn0cDrN" data = {} - data["user"] = user.username - data["machine"]=machine.name - data["expires"]=time.time()+(5*60) - pickledData = cPickle.dumps(data) + data["user"] = user + data["machine"] = machine.name + data["expires"] = time.time()+(5*60) + pickled_data = cPickle.dumps(data) m = hmac.new(TOKEN_KEY, digestmod=sha) - m.update(pickledData) - token = {'data': pickledData, 'digest': m.digest()} + m.update(pickled_data) + token = {'data': pickled_data, 'digest': m.digest()} token = cPickle.dumps(token) token = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(token) - status = statusInfo(machine) + status = controls.statusInfo(machine) has_vnc = hasVnc(status) d = dict(user=user, @@ -452,8 +246,7 @@ def vnc(user, fields): machine=machine, hostname=os.environ.get('SERVER_NAME', 'localhost'), authtoken=token) - print Template(file='vnc.tmpl', - searchList=[d, global_dict]) + return Template(file='vnc.tmpl', searchList=[d]) def getNicInfo(data_dict, machine): """Helper function for info, get data on nics for a machine. @@ -462,14 +255,16 @@ def getNicInfo(data_dict, machine): of (key, name) pairs to display "name: data_dict[key]" to the user. """ data_dict['num_nics'] = len(machine.nics) - nic_fields_template = [('nic%s_hostname', 'NIC %s hostname'), + nic_fields_template = [('nic%s_hostname', 'NIC %s Hostname'), ('nic%s_mac', 'NIC %s MAC Addr'), ('nic%s_ip', 'NIC %s IP'), ] nic_fields = [] for i in range(len(machine.nics)): nic_fields.extend([(x % i, y % i) for x, y in nic_fields_template]) - data_dict['nic%s_hostname' % i] = machine.nics[i].hostname + '.servers.csail.mit.edu' + if not i: + data_dict['nic%s_hostname' % i] = (machine.name + + '.servers.csail.mit.edu') data_dict['nic%s_mac' % i] = machine.nics[i].mac_addr data_dict['nic%s_ip' % i] = machine.nics[i].ip if len(machine.nics) == 1: @@ -487,109 +282,176 @@ def getDiskInfo(data_dict, machine): disk_fields = [] for disk in machine.disks: name = disk.guest_device_name - disk_fields.extend([(x % name, y % name) for x, y in disk_fields_template]) - data_dict['%s_size' % name] = "%0.1f GB" % (disk.size / 1024.) + disk_fields.extend([(x % name, y % name) for x, y in + disk_fields_template]) + data_dict['%s_size' % name] = "%0.1f GiB" % (disk.size / 1024.) return disk_fields -def deleteVM(machine): - """Delete a VM.""" +def command(user, fields): + """Handler for running commands like boot and delete on a VM.""" + back = fields.getfirst('back') + try: + d = controls.commandResult(user, fields) + if d['command'] == 'Delete VM': + back = 'list' + except InvalidInput, err: + if not back: + raise + print >> sys.stderr, err + result = None + else: + result = 'Success!' + if not back: + return Template(file='command.tmpl', searchList=[d]) + if back == 'list': + g.clear() #Changed global state + d = getListDict(user) + d['result'] = result + return Template(file='list.tmpl', searchList=[d]) + elif back == 'info': + machine = validation.testMachineId(user, fields.getfirst('machine_id')) + d = infoDict(user, machine) + d['result'] = result + return Template(file='info.tmpl', searchList=[d]) + else: + raise InvalidInput('back', back, 'Not a known back page.') + +def modifyDict(user, fields): + olddisk = {} transaction = ctx.current.create_transaction() - delete_disk_pairs = [(machine.name, d.guest_device_name) for d in machine.disks] try: - for nic in machine.nics: - nic.machine_id = None - nic.hostname = None - ctx.current.save(nic) - for disk in machine.disks: - ctx.current.delete(disk) - ctx.current.delete(machine) + machine = validation.testMachineId(user, fields.getfirst('machine_id')) + owner = validation.testOwner(user, fields.getfirst('owner'), machine) + admin = validation.testAdmin(user, fields.getfirst('administrator'), + machine) + contact = validation.testContact(user, fields.getfirst('contact'), + machine) + name = validation.testName(user, fields.getfirst('name'), machine) + oldname = machine.name + command = "modify" + + memory = fields.getfirst('memory') + if memory is not None: + memory = validation.validMemory(user, memory, machine, on=False) + machine.memory = memory + + disksize = validation.testDisk(user, fields.getfirst('disk')) + if disksize is not None: + disksize = validation.validDisk(user, disksize, machine) + disk = machine.disks[0] + if disk.size != disksize: + olddisk[disk.guest_device_name] = disksize + disk.size = disksize + ctx.current.save(disk) + + if owner is not None: + machine.owner = owner + if name is not None: + machine.name = name + if admin is not None: + machine.administrator = admin + if contact is not None: + machine.contact = contact + + ctx.current.save(machine) transaction.commit() except: transaction.rollback() raise - for mname, dname in delete_disk_pairs: - remctl('web', 'lvremove', mname, dname) - unregisterMachine(machine) - -def command(user, fields): - """Handler for running commands like boot and delete on a VM.""" - print time.time()-start_time - machine = testMachineId(user, fields.getfirst('machine_id')) - action = fields.getfirst('action') - cdrom = fields.getfirst('cdrom') - print time.time()-start_time - if cdrom is not None and not CDROM.get(cdrom): - raise CodeError("Invalid cdrom type '%s'" % cdrom) - if action not in ('Reboot', 'Power on', 'Power off', 'Shutdown', 'Delete VM'): - raise CodeError("Invalid action '%s'" % action) - if action == 'Reboot': - if cdrom is not None: - remctl('reboot', machine.name, cdrom) - else: - remctl('reboot', machine.name) - elif action == 'Power on': - if maxMemory(user) < machine.memory: - raise InvalidInput("You don't have enough free RAM quota") - bootMachine(machine, cdrom) - elif action == 'Power off': - remctl('destroy', machine.name) - elif action == 'Shutdown': - remctl('shutdown', machine.name) - elif action == 'Delete VM': - deleteVM(machine) - print time.time()-start_time - - d = dict(user=user, - command=action, - machine=machine) - print Template(file="command.tmpl", searchList=[d, global_dict]) - + for diskname in olddisk: + controls.resizeDisk(oldname, diskname, str(olddisk[diskname])) + if name is not None: + controls.renameMachine(machine, oldname, name) + return dict(user=user, + command=command, + machine=machine) + def modify(user, fields): """Handler for modifying attributes of a machine.""" - #XXX not written yet - machine = testMachineId(user, fields.getfirst('machine_id')) + try: + modify_dict = modifyDict(user, fields) + except InvalidInput, err: + result = None + machine = validation.testMachineId(user, fields.getfirst('machine_id')) + else: + machine = modify_dict['machine'] + result = 'Success!' + err = None + info_dict = infoDict(user, machine) + info_dict['err'] = err + if err: + for field in fields.keys(): + setattr(info_dict['defaults'], field, fields.getfirst(field)) + info_dict['result'] = result + return Template(file='info.tmpl', searchList=[info_dict]) -def help(user, fields): + +def helpHandler(user, fields): """Handler for help messages.""" simple = fields.getfirst('simple') subjects = fields.getlist('subject') - mapping = dict(paravm_console=""" + help_mapping = dict(paravm_console=""" ParaVM machines do not support console access over VNC. To access these machines, you either need to boot with a liveCD and ssh in or hope that the sipb-xen maintainers add support for serial consoles.""", - hvm_paravm=""" + hvm_paravm=""" HVM machines use the virtualization features of the processor, while ParaVM machines use Xen's emulation of virtualization features. You want an HVM virtualized machine.""", - cpu_weight="""Don't ask us! We're as mystified as you are.""") + cpu_weight=""" +Don't ask us! We're as mystified as you are.""", + owner=""" +The owner field is used to determine quotas. It must be the name of a +locker that you are an AFS administrator of. In particular, you or an +AFS group you are a member of must have AFS rlidwka bits on the +locker. You can check see who administers the LOCKER locker using the +command 'fs la /mit/LOCKER' on Athena.) See also administrator.""", + administrator=""" +The administrator field determines who can access the console and +power on and off the machine. This can be either a user or a moira +group.""", + quotas=""" +Quotas are determined on a per-locker basis. Each quota may have a +maximum of 512 megabytes of active ram, 50 gigabytes of disk, and 4 +active machines.""" + ) + if not subjects: + subjects = sorted(help_mapping.keys()) + d = dict(user=user, simple=simple, subjects=subjects, - mapping=mapping) + mapping=help_mapping) - print Template(file="help.tmpl", searchList=[d, global_dict]) + return Template(file="help.tmpl", searchList=[d]) -def info(user, fields): - """Handler for info on a single VM.""" - machine = testMachineId(user, fields.getfirst('machine_id')) - status = statusInfo(machine) +def badOperation(u, e): + raise CodeError("Unknown operation") + +def infoDict(user, machine): + status = controls.statusInfo(machine) has_vnc = hasVnc(status) if status is None: main_status = dict(name=machine.name, memory=str(machine.memory)) + uptime = None + cputime = None else: main_status = dict(status[1:]) - start_time = float(main_status.get('start_time', 0)) - uptime = datetime.timedelta(seconds=int(time.time()-start_time)) - cpu_time_float = float(main_status.get('cpu_time', 0)) - cputime = datetime.timedelta(seconds=int(cpu_time_float)) + start_time = float(main_status.get('start_time', 0)) + uptime = datetime.timedelta(seconds=int(time.time()-start_time)) + cpu_time_float = float(main_status.get('cpu_time', 0)) + cputime = datetime.timedelta(seconds=int(cpu_time_float)) display_fields = """name uptime memory state cpu_weight on_reboot on_poweroff on_crash on_xend_start on_xend_stop bootloader""".split() display_fields = [('name', 'Name'), ('owner', 'Owner'), + ('administrator', 'Administrator'), ('contact', 'Contact'), ('type', 'Type'), 'NIC_INFO', @@ -611,19 +473,22 @@ def info(user, fields): machine_info['name'] = machine.name machine_info['type'] = machine.type.hvm and 'HVM' or 'ParaVM' machine_info['owner'] = machine.owner + machine_info['administrator'] = machine.administrator machine_info['contact'] = machine.contact nic_fields = getNicInfo(machine_info, machine) nic_point = display_fields.index('NIC_INFO') - display_fields = display_fields[:nic_point] + nic_fields + display_fields[nic_point+1:] + display_fields = (display_fields[:nic_point] + nic_fields + + display_fields[nic_point+1:]) disk_fields = getDiskInfo(machine_info, machine) disk_point = display_fields.index('DISK_INFO') - display_fields = display_fields[:disk_point] + disk_fields + display_fields[disk_point+1:] + display_fields = (display_fields[:disk_point] + disk_fields + + display_fields[disk_point+1:]) - main_status['memory'] += ' MB' + main_status['memory'] += ' MiB' for field, disp in display_fields: - if field in ('uptime', 'cputime'): + if field in ('uptime', 'cputime') and locals()[field] is not None: fields.append((disp, locals()[field])) elif field in machine_info: fields.append((disp, machine_info[field])) @@ -632,20 +497,31 @@ def info(user, fields): else: pass #fields.append((disp, None)) - max_mem = maxMemory(user, machine) - max_disk = maxDisk(user, machine) + max_mem = validation.maxMemory(user, machine) + max_disk = validation.maxDisk(user, machine) + defaults = Defaults() + for name in 'machine_id name administrator owner memory contact'.split(): + setattr(defaults, name, getattr(machine, name)) + defaults.disk = "%0.2f" % (machine.disks[0].size/1024.) d = dict(user=user, cdroms=CDROM.select(), on=status is not None, machine=machine, + defaults=defaults, has_vnc=has_vnc, uptime=str(uptime), ram=machine.memory, max_mem=max_mem, max_disk=max_disk, + owner_help=helppopup("owner"), fields = fields) - print Template(file='info.tmpl', - searchList=[d, global_dict]) + return d + +def info(user, fields): + """Handler for info on a single VM.""" + machine = validation.testMachineId(user, fields.getfirst('machine_id')) + d = infoDict(user, machine) + return Template(file='info.tmpl', searchList=[d]) mapping = dict(list=listVms, vnc=vnc, @@ -653,47 +529,76 @@ mapping = dict(list=listVms, modify=modify, info=info, create=create, - help=help) + help=helpHandler) + +def printHeaders(headers): + for key, value in headers.iteritems(): + print '%s: %s' % (key, value) + print + + +def getUser(): + """Return the current user based on the SSL environment variables""" + if 'SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_Email' in os.environ: + username = os.environ['SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_Email'].split("@")[0] + return username + else: + return 'moo' + +def main(operation, user, fields): + fun = mapping.get(operation, badOperation) + + if fun not in (helpHandler, ): + connect('postgres://sipb-xen@sipb-xen-dev.mit.edu/sipb_xen') + try: + output = fun(u, fields) + + headers = dict(DEFAULT_HEADERS) + if isinstance(output, tuple): + new_headers, output = output + headers.update(new_headers) + + e = revertStandardError() + if e: + output.addError(e) + printHeaders(headers) + print output + except Exception, err: + if not fields.has_key('js'): + if isinstance(err, CodeError): + print 'Content-Type: text/html\n' + e = revertStandardError() + print error(operation, u, fields, err, e) + sys.exit(1) + if isinstance(err, InvalidInput): + print 'Content-Type: text/html\n' + e = revertStandardError() + print invalidInput(operation, u, fields, err, e) + sys.exit(1) + print 'Content-Type: text/plain\n' + print 'Uh-oh! We experienced an error.' + print 'Please email sipb-xen@mit.edu with the contents of this page.' + print '----' + e = revertStandardError() + print e + print '----' + raise if __name__ == '__main__': start_time = time.time() fields = cgi.FieldStorage() - class User: - username = "moo" - email = 'moo@cow.com' - u = User() - g = Global(u) - if 'SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_Email' in os.environ: - username = os.environ[ 'SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_Email'].split("@")[0] - u.username = username - u.email = os.environ[ 'SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_Email'] - else: - u.username = 'moo' - u.email = 'nobody' - connect('postgres://sipb-xen@sipb-xen-dev/sipb_xen') + u = getUser() + g.user = u operation = os.environ.get('PATH_INFO', '') - #print 'Content-Type: text/plain\n' - #print operation if not operation: print "Status: 301 Moved Permanently" print 'Location: ' + os.environ['SCRIPT_NAME']+'/\n' sys.exit(0) - print 'Content-Type: text/html\n' if operation.startswith('/'): operation = operation[1:] if not operation: operation = 'list' - - fun = mapping.get(operation, - lambda u, e: - error(operation, u, e, - "Invalid operation '%s'" % operation)) - if fun not in (help, ): - connect('postgres://sipb-xen@sipb-xen-dev/sipb_xen') - try: - fun(u, fields) - except CodeError, err: - error(operation, u, fields, err) - except InvalidInput, err: - error(operation, u, fields, err) + + main(operation, u, fields) +